TY - JOUR

T1 - L-Band SAR Backscatter Related to Forest Cover, Height and Aboveground Biomass at Multiple Spatial Scales across Denmark

AU - Joshi, Neha P.

AU - Mitchard, Edward T A

AU - Schumacher, Johannes

AU - Johannsen, Vivian K.

AU - Saatchi, Sassan

AU - Fensholt, Rasmus

PY - 2015

Y1 - 2015

N2 - Mapping forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using satellite data is an important task, particularly for reporting of carbon stocks and changes under climate change legislation. It is known that AGB can be mapped using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), but relationships between AGB and radar backscatter may be confounded by variations in biophysical forest structure (density, height or cover fraction) and differences in the resolution of satellite and ground data. Here, we attempt to quantify the effect of these factors by relating L-band ALOS PALSAR HV backscatter and unique country-wide LiDAR-derived maps of vegetation penetrability, height and AGB over Denmark at different spatial scales (50 m to 500 m). Trends in the relations indicate that, first, AGB retrieval accuracy from SAR improves most in mapping at 100-m scale instead of 50 m, and improvements are negligible beyond 250 m. Relative errors (bias and root mean squared error) decrease particularly for high AGB values (>110 Mg ha-1) at coarse scales, and hence, coarse-scale mapping (≥150 m) may be most suited for areas with high AGB. Second, SAR backscatter and a LiDAR-derived measure of fractional forest cover were found to have a strong linear relation (R2 = 0.79 at 250-m scale). In areas of high fractional forest cover, there is a slight decline in backscatter as AGB increases, indicating signal attenuation. The two results demonstrate that accounting for spatial scale and variations in forest structure, such as cover fraction, will greatly benefit establishing adequate plot-sizes for SAR calibration and the accuracy of derived AGB maps.

AB - Mapping forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using satellite data is an important task, particularly for reporting of carbon stocks and changes under climate change legislation. It is known that AGB can be mapped using synthetic aperture radar (SAR), but relationships between AGB and radar backscatter may be confounded by variations in biophysical forest structure (density, height or cover fraction) and differences in the resolution of satellite and ground data. Here, we attempt to quantify the effect of these factors by relating L-band ALOS PALSAR HV backscatter and unique country-wide LiDAR-derived maps of vegetation penetrability, height and AGB over Denmark at different spatial scales (50 m to 500 m). Trends in the relations indicate that, first, AGB retrieval accuracy from SAR improves most in mapping at 100-m scale instead of 50 m, and improvements are negligible beyond 250 m. Relative errors (bias and root mean squared error) decrease particularly for high AGB values (>110 Mg ha-1) at coarse scales, and hence, coarse-scale mapping (≥150 m) may be most suited for areas with high AGB. Second, SAR backscatter and a LiDAR-derived measure of fractional forest cover were found to have a strong linear relation (R2 = 0.79 at 250-m scale). In areas of high fractional forest cover, there is a slight decline in backscatter as AGB increases, indicating signal attenuation. The two results demonstrate that accounting for spatial scale and variations in forest structure, such as cover fraction, will greatly benefit establishing adequate plot-sizes for SAR calibration and the accuracy of derived AGB maps.

KW - Aboveground biomass

KW - Airborne LiDAR

KW - ALOS PALSAR

KW - Canopy density

KW - Mapping scale

KW - Non-linear modeling

KW - Vegetation interception ratio

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84937901566&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.3390/rs70404442

DO - 10.3390/rs70404442

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:84937901566

VL - 7

SP - 4442

EP - 4472

JO - Remote Sensing

JF - Remote Sensing

SN - 2072-4292

IS - 4

ER -