Disturbance, vegetation productivity, and recovery are crucial for aboveground biomass carbon (AGC) dynamics. Here, we use multiple satellite-based datasets to analyze the drivers of AGC dynamics in Central Africa. During 2010–2019, deforestation induced a gross AGC loss of 102.2 ± 17.1 Tg C year⁻¹, which was counterbalanced by an AGC increase of 116.9 ± 41.1 Tg C year⁻¹, leading to a net gain of 14.6 ± 3.8 Tg C year⁻¹. Compared to anthropogenic and soil factors, changes in climate-related factors (e.g., radiation) are more important for the non-deforestation AGC changes. A large AGC increase was found in the northern savannas. In moist forests, strong biomass recovery and growth largely compensated the carbon loss from deforestation and degradation. Considering the increasing resource demand due to rapid population growth, reconciling natural conservation and economic development in Central Africa remains challenging and depends on climate changes and country-specific social-economic conditions.