Bulk Transfer Coefficients Estimated From Eddy-Covariance Measurements Over Lakes and Reservoirs
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The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number are of particular importance for estimating the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor using bulk parameterization. Although these bulk transfer coefficients have been extensively studied over the past several decades in marine and large-lake environments, there are no studies analyzing their variability for smaller lakes. Here, we evaluated these coefficients through directly measured surface fluxes using the eddy-covariance technique over more than 30 lakes and reservoirs of different sizes and depths. Our analysis showed that the transfer coefficients (adjusted to neutral atmospheric stability) were generally within the range reported in previous studies for large lakes and oceans. All transfer coefficients exhibit a substantial increase at low wind speeds (<3 m s−1), which was found to be associated with the presence of gusts and capillary waves (except Dalton number). Stanton number was found to be on average a factor of 1.3 higher than Dalton number, likely affecting the Bowen ratio method. At high wind speeds, the transfer coefficients remained relatively constant at values of 1.6·10−3, 1.4·10−3, 1.0·10−3, respectively. We found that the variability of the transfer coefficients among the lakes could be associated with lake surface area. In flux parameterizations at lake surfaces, it is recommended to consider variations in the drag coefficient and Stanton number due to wind gustiness and capillary wave roughness while Dalton number could be considered as constant at all wind speeds.
| Originalsprog | Engelsk |
|---|---|
| Artikelnummer | e2022JD037219 |
| Tidsskrift | Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |
| Vol/bind | 128 |
| Udgave nummer | 2 |
| Antal sider | 20 |
| ISSN | 2169-897X |
| DOI | |
| Status | Udgivet - 27 jan. 2023 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
S. Guseva and A. Lorke were financially supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, grant LO1150/12‐1). N. Dias and F. Armani were supported by research project FUNPAR 2882, with funding provided by CHESF (São Francisco Hydroelectric Company). A.R. Desai acknowledges support from the DOE Ameriflux Network Management Project and the NSF North Temperate Lakes LTER (#DEB‐2025982). Funding for the AmeriFlux data portal was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. H. Iwata was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants 17H05039 and 21H02315. J. Jansen was supported by the Swedish Research Council under VR Grant 2020‐06460. G. Lükő was supported by the ÚNKP‐21‐3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Hungary. Data processing for Bol'shoi Vilyui Lake made by I. Repina was partially supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation 21‐17‐00249. T. Sachs was funded by a Helmholtz Young Investigators Grant (VH‐NG‐821) and infrastructure at Lake Dagow was operated as part of the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories Network (TERENO) of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers. K. Scholz was supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) as part of the project “Influence of climate extremes on C cycling dynamics across the boundaries of aquatic ecosystems (EXCARB)” and by the Autonome Provinz Bozen‐Südtirol (ALCH4 Project) – both grants received by Prof. Georg Wohlfahrt (University of Innsbruck). The measurements in Bautzen Reservoir and U. Spank were supported by the German Science Foundation in frame of the projects TREGATA (project number 288267759) and MEDIWA (project number 445326344). V. Stepanenko was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (agreement No. 075‐15‐2019‐1621). P. Torma was supported by the by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grants K134559 and K138176). I. Mammarella and T. Vesala acknowledge funding from ICOS‐Finland (University of Helsinki). We thank Christian Wille, Sarah Waldo and Werner Eugster for providing the data. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Funding Information:
S. Guseva and A. Lorke were financially supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, grant LO1150/12-1). N. Dias and F. Armani were supported by research project FUNPAR 2882, with funding provided by CHESF (São Francisco Hydroelectric Company). A.R. Desai acknowledges support from the DOE Ameriflux Network Management Project and the NSF North Temperate Lakes LTER (#DEB-2025982). Funding for the AmeriFlux data portal was provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science. H. Iwata was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grants 17H05039 and 21H02315. J. Jansen was supported by the Swedish Research Council under VR Grant 2020-06460. G. Lükő was supported by the ÚNKP-21-3 New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology, Hungary. Data processing for Bol'shoi Vilyui Lake made by I. Repina was partially supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation 21-17-00249. T. Sachs was funded by a Helmholtz Young Investigators Grant (VH-NG-821) and infrastructure at Lake Dagow was operated as part of the Terrestrial Environmental Observatories Network (TERENO) of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers. K. Scholz was supported by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW) as part of the project “Influence of climate extremes on C cycling dynamics across the boundaries of aquatic ecosystems (EXCARB)” and by the Autonome Provinz Bozen-Südtirol (ALCH4 Project) – both grants received by Prof. Georg Wohlfahrt (University of Innsbruck). The measurements in Bautzen Reservoir and U. Spank were supported by the German Science Foundation in frame of the projects TREGATA (project number 288267759) and MEDIWA (project number 445326344). V. Stepanenko was supported by Russian Ministry of Science and Higher Education (agreement No. 075-15-2019-1621). P. Torma was supported by the by the National Research, Development and Innovation Office (Grants K134559 and K138176). I. Mammarella and T. Vesala acknowledge funding from ICOS-Finland (University of Helsinki). We thank Christian Wille, Sarah Waldo and Werner Eugster for providing the data. Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2023. The Authors.
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