TY - JOUR

T1 - Evaluating the biosignature potential of nitrogen concentrations in graphite and associated K-silicates

AU - Stüeken, Eva E.

AU - Szilas, Kristoffer

AU - van Hinsberg, Vincent J.

N1 - Funding Information: This study was financially supported by a NERC Frontiers grant (NE/V010824/1) to EES and an Osisko research stipend to VvH. The samples were collected during fieldwork in 2014 in south-east Greenland as part of the SEGMENT project organised and led by GEUS, and co-financed by GEUS and MMR. We thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that improved the manuscript. Funding Information: This study was financially supported by a NERC Frontiers grant (NE/V010824/1) to EES and an Osisko research stipend to VvH. The samples were collected during fieldwork in 2014 in south-east Greenland as part of the SEGMENT project organised and led by GEUS, and co-financed by GEUS and MMR. We thank two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments that improved the manuscript. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - The oldest remnants of life on Earth from various localities in the Isua supracrustal belt in Greenland date back to >3.7 billion years ago (Ga). They are in the form of graphite, whose biogenicity is controversial. Previous studies used the presence and isotopic composition of nitrogen in graphite from along the Isua belt to argue both for and against biogenicity. To determine if the nitrogen chemistry of graphite can indeed serve as a biosignature, we investigated a hydrothermal graphite deposit from south-east Greenland (1.87–1.82 Ga). We found indications that molar C/N ratios of hydrothermal graphite may be similar to those of biogenic graphite from the Archean rock record, meaning that the nitrogen content of graphite is itself perhaps not diagnostic of ancient life, requiring caution in future studies. However, the hydrothermal graphite deposit also revealed unusually low N concentrations in associated silicates, despite a wide range of K concentrations up to 5 wt%. Using a thermodynamic model of nitrogen speciation in the presence of graphite, paired with previously published partition coefficients for ammonium in K-silicates, we show that abiotic process can explain these low N-concentrations of around 1 μg/g in potassic silicates. Higher concentrations of >10 μg/g, such as those found in graphitic metapelites from the Isua supcracrustal belt, would, however, require an unusually ammonium-rich fluid. Such an ammonium-rich fluid is most easily derived from the breakdown of biomass within sediments prior to graphitization. We therefore conclude that potassic silicates associated with graphite can serve as an indirect biosignature. Our approach supports previous inferences of life on Earth back to at least 3.7 Ga.

AB - The oldest remnants of life on Earth from various localities in the Isua supracrustal belt in Greenland date back to >3.7 billion years ago (Ga). They are in the form of graphite, whose biogenicity is controversial. Previous studies used the presence and isotopic composition of nitrogen in graphite from along the Isua belt to argue both for and against biogenicity. To determine if the nitrogen chemistry of graphite can indeed serve as a biosignature, we investigated a hydrothermal graphite deposit from south-east Greenland (1.87–1.82 Ga). We found indications that molar C/N ratios of hydrothermal graphite may be similar to those of biogenic graphite from the Archean rock record, meaning that the nitrogen content of graphite is itself perhaps not diagnostic of ancient life, requiring caution in future studies. However, the hydrothermal graphite deposit also revealed unusually low N concentrations in associated silicates, despite a wide range of K concentrations up to 5 wt%. Using a thermodynamic model of nitrogen speciation in the presence of graphite, paired with previously published partition coefficients for ammonium in K-silicates, we show that abiotic process can explain these low N-concentrations of around 1 μg/g in potassic silicates. Higher concentrations of >10 μg/g, such as those found in graphitic metapelites from the Isua supcracrustal belt, would, however, require an unusually ammonium-rich fluid. Such an ammonium-rich fluid is most easily derived from the breakdown of biomass within sediments prior to graphitization. We therefore conclude that potassic silicates associated with graphite can serve as an indirect biosignature. Our approach supports previous inferences of life on Earth back to at least 3.7 Ga.

KW - Biosignatures

KW - Eoarchean

KW - Graphite

KW - Nitrogen abundances

U2 - 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121274

DO - 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121274

M3 - Journal article

AN - SCOPUS:85144614412

VL - 617

JO - Chemical Geology

JF - Chemical Geology

SN - 0009-2541

M1 - 121274

ER -