Formation of giant copper deposits in Tibet driven by tearing of the subducted Indian plate
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Formation of giant copper deposits in Tibet driven by tearing of the subducted Indian plate. / Hou, Zengqian; Wang, Rui; Zhang, Haijiang; Zheng, Yuanchuan; Jin, Sheng; Thybo, Hans; Weinberg, Roberto F.; Xu, Bo; Yang, Zhiming; Hao, Ao Wei; Gao, Lei; Zhang, Letian.
I: Earth-Science Reviews, Bind 243, 104482, 2023.Publikation: Bidrag til tidsskrift › Review › Forskning › fagfællebedømt
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Formation of giant copper deposits in Tibet driven by tearing of the subducted Indian plate
AU - Hou, Zengqian
AU - Wang, Rui
AU - Zhang, Haijiang
AU - Zheng, Yuanchuan
AU - Jin, Sheng
AU - Thybo, Hans
AU - Weinberg, Roberto F.
AU - Xu, Bo
AU - Yang, Zhiming
AU - Hao, Ao Wei
AU - Gao, Lei
AU - Zhang, Letian
N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023
PY - 2023
Y1 - 2023
N2 - Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) occur in accretionary and collisional orogens, yet it is unclear how continental collision controls their formation. Two fundamental issues are debated: Which mechanism triggers melting of collision-thickened lithosphere, and which sources supply metals and volatiles necessary for formation of collision-related PCDs? Here, we image the lithospheric architecture of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen that hosts abundant Miocene giant to large PCDs in Tibet, using joint inversion of surface wave and satellite gravity data, integrated with magnetotelluric (MT) array data and geochemical data. Our results show that the subducted Indian continental lithosphere was torn into several pieces with different subduction angles during the Cenozoic Indo-Asia collision. The tears in the Indian slab provides channels for asthenospheric upwelling, which reworks the overlying Asian lithosphere and triggers melting. This process generates ultrapotassic mafic melts that ascend and pond at the base of the crust, leading to high heat flow and supply of released H2O for water-fluxed melting of the overlying thick crust and generation of hydrous granitoid magmas. Sulfide break-down in a juvenile Cu-rich lower-crustal source during melting increases the fertility of the granitoid magmas. Our study indicates that three key factors generate the collision-related PCDs: A torn slab subducted at moderate angle, prior fertilization of the lower crust with Cu, and trans-lithospheric vertical structures for magma ascent. Block margins in collisional orogens built above fossil oceanic subduction zones are optimal locations for the formation of giant PCDs. Therefore, regional-scale Nd-Hf-O isotopic mapping integrated with multiple geophysical inversions are key to mineral exploration for PCDs in collision systems.
AB - Porphyry copper deposits (PCDs) occur in accretionary and collisional orogens, yet it is unclear how continental collision controls their formation. Two fundamental issues are debated: Which mechanism triggers melting of collision-thickened lithosphere, and which sources supply metals and volatiles necessary for formation of collision-related PCDs? Here, we image the lithospheric architecture of the Himalayan-Tibetan orogen that hosts abundant Miocene giant to large PCDs in Tibet, using joint inversion of surface wave and satellite gravity data, integrated with magnetotelluric (MT) array data and geochemical data. Our results show that the subducted Indian continental lithosphere was torn into several pieces with different subduction angles during the Cenozoic Indo-Asia collision. The tears in the Indian slab provides channels for asthenospheric upwelling, which reworks the overlying Asian lithosphere and triggers melting. This process generates ultrapotassic mafic melts that ascend and pond at the base of the crust, leading to high heat flow and supply of released H2O for water-fluxed melting of the overlying thick crust and generation of hydrous granitoid magmas. Sulfide break-down in a juvenile Cu-rich lower-crustal source during melting increases the fertility of the granitoid magmas. Our study indicates that three key factors generate the collision-related PCDs: A torn slab subducted at moderate angle, prior fertilization of the lower crust with Cu, and trans-lithospheric vertical structures for magma ascent. Block margins in collisional orogens built above fossil oceanic subduction zones are optimal locations for the formation of giant PCDs. Therefore, regional-scale Nd-Hf-O isotopic mapping integrated with multiple geophysical inversions are key to mineral exploration for PCDs in collision systems.
KW - Himalayan-Tibetan orogen
KW - Isotopic mapping
KW - Porphyry deposit
KW - Seismic imaging
KW - Tearing
U2 - 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104482
DO - 10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104482
M3 - Review
AN - SCOPUS:85162223287
VL - 243
JO - Earth-Science Reviews
JF - Earth-Science Reviews
SN - 0012-8252
M1 - 104482
ER -
ID: 370475462