When seed producers and seed users are geographically or functionally separated, seeds are transferred from producers to users. In market-oriented systems, transfer includes the pricing of seed, which reflects the procurement cost and seed quality. Physiological quality is documented via the seed testing records.
Genetic quality is documented as documents on origin or seed source. New types of tree planting by smallholders imply special problems in distribution and
supply systems since production systems for tree seeds have large areas while
many consumers have small space for planting. A centralized forest seed supply
contains large central units with good facilities for production and procurement
but is far from seed users. Alternative decentralized systems with many small
producers may have problems meeting high standards of seed quality and
dealing with central regulations.